Efficient Electric Vehicle Battery Management in Jakarta: A Proposed Reverse Logistics Network

Strategic Insights -

A new study has emerged from University Indonesia that highlights the pressing need for a sustainable waste management system for electric vehicles (EVs) in the Jakarta Greater Area. The study proposes a reverse logistics network that includes Collection Centers (CCs), a Remanufacturing and Recycling Center (RMC), and a Waste Disposal Center (WDC). The research aims to minimize total costs and ensure efficient processing and facility placement. The study's findings emphasize the importance of improving processing efficiency and strategic facility placement to enhance the sustainability and cost-effectiveness of end-of-life (EoL) battery management in urban EV ecosystems.

Key Takeaways:

  • The proposed reverse logistics network includes five Collection Centers (CCA-1, CCE-2, CCK-3, CCM-4, and CCR-5), one Remanufacturing and Recycling Center (RMC-1), and one Waste Disposal Center (WDC-1).
  • The study uses K-means clustering to identify dealer clusters and determine the optimal locations for CCs.
  • A deterministic mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model is developed to minimize total costs, comprising acquisition, transportation, processing, facility, and carbon tax components.
  • The model yields a minimum total cost of IDR 1,236,435,000,187, with processing costs contributing the largest share (56.68%), followed by transportation (29.30%).
  • Batteries are classified into three categories: L1 (80% health, suitable for remanufacturing), L2 (60-80%, suitable for recycling), and L3 (considered as waste).
  • L1 and L2 batteries are directed to RMC-1, while L3 batteries and solid waste are routed to WDC-1, totaling 1.029 tons.
  • The study emphasizes the need to improve processing efficiency and strategic facility placement to enhance sustainability and cost-effectiveness of EoL battery management in urban EV ecosystems.

Statistics:

  • The proposed reverse logistics network includes 7 facilities: 5 Collection Centers, 1 Remanufacturing and Recycling Center, and 1 Waste Disposal Center.
  • The total cost of the proposed network is IDR 1,236,435,000,187.
  • Processing costs contribute 56.68% to the total cost, while transportation costs contribute 29.30%.
  • 1,029 tons of batteries and solid waste are handled through the proposed network.
  • 80% of batteries are classified as L1, 20% as L2, and the remaining as L3.

Sources:

  • A Proposed Reverse Logistics Network for End-of-Life Electric Vehicle Battery Management in the Jakarta Greater Area: A MILP Approach. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 2025, 16(8): 476. (World Electric Vehicle Journal - http://www.mdpi.com/journal/wevj)
  • MDPI AG (publisher)
  • Ibrahim Zaki Bafadal, Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia (contact information)
  • Romadhani Ardi, Nabila Yuraisyah Salsabila (additional authors)